English as a Medium of Instruction - 3396 Words

http://www.fnf.org.ph/talakayan/liberal_topic.php?id=240 Filipino vs. English as the medium of instruction The English vs. Filipino debate is once again a hot topic. A petition has been filed in the Supreme Court challenging the government?s policy of using English as the medium of instruction in our schools. According to those who filed the petition, the push for the use of English in our classrooms will only lead to further deterioration of what?s already been described as a rather inferior quality of education. Those who support the 2003 Executive Order filed by President Arroyo on the other hand argue that doing away with English as the medium of instruction will inevitably hurt the country and our people more because they†¦show more content†¦Right from the start, when Spain claimed the Philippines as its colony in 1521, it was clear how the Spaniards thought of their mission. They called the natives indios or Indians, and set out to redeem their savage and ignorant souls with religion - Roman Catholicism. More than three centuries and a bloody revolution later, the indios had wholeheartedly embraced Catholicism, but just as wholeheartedly rejected Spanish rule. By this time, only the Filipino rich and educated elite were literate in Spanish. Ironically, from this same exclusive set came the founders of a secret society that pushed for reform and independence. In 1898, after a mock battle at Manila Bay, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. Although there was also a b loody but short-lived Philippine-American Revolution, it took a shorter time for the Americans to pacify and befriend the Filipinos. Unlike Spains strategy, Americas means of attack and assimilation was not religion. It was mass education. Thus, less than half a century later, the Filipinos hadShow MoreRelatedEnglish As A Medium Instruction Essay6511 Words   |  27 PagesEnglish as a Medium Instruction (EMI) English as a medium of instruction has developed as a global trend for a range of reasons. Nowadays EMI is truly a global phenomenon. In this literature review, I look at the historical backgrounds of EMI in three periods prior to a global phenomenon. What is more, I reflect upon the current developments of EMI at tertiary education focusing on the spread of EMI into the global universities, EMI in European universities, EMI in Asian universities and EMI inRead MoreEnglish As A Medium Of Instruction Worldwide1836 Words   |  8 Pagesregions. This has had a significant impact on the use of English as a medium of instruction worldwide. The following essay presents an overview of how English is used in higher education institutions in both Malaysia and China. It aims to assess why English holds such importance within their education systems which this will be done through the studying of implemented government policies and student/academic staff experiences. ‘English has unquestionably become a global phenomenon’ (Selvi, 2013)Read MoreEnglish Should Be Made as the Medium of Instruction of Scool in Mlaysia935 Words   |  4 PagesTan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin decided to make Bahasa Melayu as the medium of instruction in science and mathematic in secondary school before, a heated debate in the newspapers with regard to this apparent turn around in the policy had immediately sparked off. Thus, I would like to support the side where English should be made as the medium of instruction in school. There are some reasons to support my view. First of all, mastering English help us to face the problem of globalization. Nowadays, we needRead MoreThe College Of New Jersey1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe College of New Jersey English Language Instruction: The Nepali Educational System Kelsey Wolff Linguistics 371: World Englishes Felicia Jean Steele March 23, 2015 The necessity for a global language has always existed to break down the barriers between nations and for communication to create a sense of a global community. English is quickly filling that niche, and instruction in English as a second language is expanding worldwide to places such as Nepal. Nepal is a landRead MoreLanguage Learning Practices During Post Colonial Countries Are Fraught With Tensions And Contestations802 Words   |  4 PagesThese tensions are often a result of divergent discourses around decolonization, globalization, and the status of the colonizer’s language in the work of post-colonial nation building and national identity (Canagarajah, 2005). The complexities around English language learning is situated in contexts, where historical trajectories have discriminated against some groups. Within countries like Sri Lanka, debates prevail with regards to national and official languages, minority language rights, and particularlyRead MoreThe Historical Backgro unds Of Emi Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesThis section outlines the historical backgrounds of EMI in terms of a paradigm shift in teaching content subjects through English language. This section provides information under three EMI periods, namely before, during and after transitional EMI periods. Before an EMI period, Content-based Instruction (CBI) and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) were the well-known approaches to teach subject contents through a second or foreign language (L2) in western countries. CBI is an approachRead MoreThe Language Of The English Language Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe English language has been the language that most people use in conversations and in everyday life. According to Carmen Santillana (2013), English is the most used language in the world, and there are one out of five people that can speak or understand the English language. There are 53 countries whose main language is English. According to a research in the US, it takes 4-7 years or even 10 years for a student in the US to develop their academic language proficiency (p. 85). Every country hasRead MoreEnglish in India739 Words   |  3 PagesENGLISH IN INDIA In our country English is important for a number of reasons. India is a land of diversity. Different people speak different languages. A person of Tamil Nadu does not speak Hindi. So he cant understand Hindi of a person from North India. However he can understand in English. So English is a link language. Different people can communicate with one another with the help of English. Secondly, all advanced knowledge in science, technology and medicine is available in English.Read MoreDiglossia1349 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I was growing up in India, I spoke Sindhi (my mother tongue) at home and Hindi with friends but it was mandatory to speak in English at school. It is very common for people in India and many other countries to speak more than one language. Such a multi lingual situation where two languages or language varieties coexist in a society and each has a clear range of functions is known as diglossia. The pioneering scholar of diglossia, Charles A. Ferguson, summarised diglossia as: a relatively stableRead MoreThe Effect Of Integrating The Social Network Site Facebook And Peer Reviews From Class Instruction On English Writing1023 Words   |  5 Pages(a) Problem Statement: The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of integ rating the social network site Facebook and peer reviews with in-class instruction on English writing. (b) Introduction: In recent years, the global social networking site Facebook is being used by millions around the world to connect, share, communicate, and socialize with each other in a virtual environment. Researchers speculate that students can utilize Facebook to enhance their learning through online

Masters program application essay Free Essays

My first foray into the cutthroat world of office work was at the office of Verizon Wireless. Here I served as an account manager and was assigned various tasks relating to accounts management. The work involved required me to seek out and win over new clients for the business as well as maintaining the company relationship with the already existing client base. We will write a custom essay sample on Masters program application essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was at Verizon Wireless where I learned the various ways of dealing with clients. I learned how to satisfy the clients needs even if it seemed to be an almost impossible task. The experience I gained at Verizon Wireless can be considered to be highly valuable people skills that led me to believe that it would be possible for me to venture out on my own. The work path I was traversing at the time led me to take a chance on starting up a company based on sole proprietorship. Out of the many business ideas I had in mind, I settled on starting a small business that I could hopefully develop into a moneymaking machine. Thus, Setra Logistics was born. At Setra, I became involved in developing a management company that centered within the importation, exportation, and transportation business. The company’s first business venture was doing local transport for auto auctions as well as shipping small cargo overseas. I ended up taking a loss at that time but I was not bothered because I felt that I was growing as a person and enhancing my management skills. Over time, I began employing more people and I learned to manage their individual work ethics and beliefs in life in order to bring out their full potential for the benefit of the company.   Through sheer hard work, patience, and perseverance, I managed to guide the company into a time of growth and at present the company is now a full fledged transport company boasting of an international clientele based throughout Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. All these companies use our services for importing goods from the USA. Within the USA, we also have our own transport fleet that deals in transporting goods within the US. My biggest accomplishment to date though is that I managed to find partner companies overseas who can help hasten our logistics process in the aforementioned regions. At Setra Logistics, I manage a group of 7 employees of various genders, race, and nationality. It is because of the confidence I developed over the years here that I found the inner strength to try and establish another business venture. It is true that running a business alone is time consuming and 100% stressful but I have found that in the particular line of business Setra is in, it is best managed alone. Later one, I realized that I was starting to outgrow Setra Logistics and needed something new to tweak my interest. After a get together with some other business minded people, we agreed to pool our resources together and established ACS ATm, Incorporated.   Along with my partner, I am now heavily involved in the ATM machine and ISO clearinghouse business. ACS ATm is a company that specializes in ATM machine installation as well as credit card services. My company is quite active in the New York Metro area. My partners and I share the same vision of the future for ACS. We all look forward to managing the business so well, that, in the near future, it will become a leading processor for automated Teller machine software and hardware worldwide. Along with 3 other managers, our goal is to learn the ins and outs of the ATM transaction processing business and then, develop out own innovative ideas and products that will change the ATM transaction processing procedures worldwide. Our plans for the future are not limited to simply operating ATM machines and merchant services. Eventually, my managerial partners and I would like to become the brains behind tapping the remaining 70% of untapped electronic cash markets using cutting-edge and highly innovative ideas and products worthy of being tagged as 21st century banking and e-commerce trendsetters In the retrospect, I have to say that I am well versed in the languages of team and individual management. I am a skilled manager who can either run my own company, or develop a totally new company along with others who share my business visions. At Setra, I run a well oiled machine all by myself while at ACS, I learn to meet other managers halfway in order to achieve a greater success in the business venture.       How to cite Masters program application essay, Essay examples

To what extent is policy

Introduction Europeanisation may be understood as the development and intensive growth of identity that is specific to the European continent and/or its countries well above other countries and identities within Europe (Bailer et al., 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is policy-making being Europeanised in member states of the European Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, with regards to Schneider and Hage (2007 p.312), â€Å"Europeanisation may also refer to the process through which European union political and economic dynamics become part of the organisational logic of national politics and policy making†. Policies such as the agricultural guiding principles seek to boost the production of agricultural products, for instance, milk in all European nations may be considered as good examples of Europeanisation (Riedl 2008). Embracement of the policies means that all nati ons in Europe are committed to work under regionally integrated policy frameworks. The main purpose of this essay is to provide a critical and informed understanding of the concepts and processes that are associated between globalisation and Europeanisation. The paper also aims at to evaluate the impact of globalisation and Europeanisation on governments and public policy. Particular emphasis is placed on the impact of the globalisation and Europeanisation theoretical paradigms on governance, as well as and the development and implementation of public policies, especially in Britain. It is envisioned that, through such analysis and discussion, the extent at which policymaking is being Europeanised within member states of European nations may be determined This essay is organised into two main sections. In the first section, a discussion pertaining to how practices of globalisation interact with governance and public policy will be addressed. This will be followed by a critical analy sis of how practices of Europeanisation are related to governance and public policy. In the second section, the paper investigates the causes and impacts of Europeanisation and globalisation, in an attempt to demonstrate how they reflect on public policy and governance.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Extents to which Policymaking is being Europeanised in Member States of the European Nations Over several decades, the European Union has operated as a single trade block. Such operations were facilitated through the deployment of common trade and economic development policies and governance systems (Borzel, 2002; Boerzel, 1999). An example of this is the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which is regarded as the first (and for many years, the only) redistributive policy of the European Community (EC) (Bache, George and Bulmer, 2008, p.371). One of the key goals of globalisation is to spread the best benchmarks of handling problems across the world. In contrast, the concept of Europeanisation as it applied to the enactment of the CAP, was to integrate policies to ensure that all nations in the European nations become self-sufficient for their food supplies. Thus, among the founding years of the Europeanisation theoretical paradigms for gaining food dependency, agricultural policies yielded success in 1960s. Bache, George, and Bulmer (2008, p.372) support this assertion by further retaliating, â€Å"the success of agriculture sustained the hopes of the advocates of integration during 1960s when it was seen as the start of a process that would lead to other common policies†. Unfortunately, as time progressed, other common policies hardly appeared. The attempts to Europeanise public policies have had severe implications to the economies of some nations in the European Union. For example, the attempts to deploy common EU policies such as environmental p rotection and conservation policies impair the productivity of the nations, which do not have the capacity to treat their industrial effluents in a cost effective way compared to organisations operating in the EU. For a nation, especially in the developing world, to achieve the capacity to respond to the environmental conservations and protection concerns in the degree of the EU, much government expenditure is vital. Similar challenges are also experienced by the EU member states (Borzel 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is policy-making being Europeanised in member states of the European Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The question that emerges is how the perspectives of Europeanisation influence the direction taken by respective nations that form the European Union, in terms of public policies and governance approaches. Globalisation, Public Policy, and Governance Government actions are executed in a manner that is consistent with the law. This assertion underlines the significance of public policies within governance, which are important to define. With regards to public policies, Plumper and Schneider (2009, p.67) classify them as â€Å"a principled guide to action, taken by the administrative executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues in a manner that is consistent with law and institutional custom†. Thus, the concept of Europeanisation is an endeavour to instil a custom that binds all EU nations in the approaches of design and implementation of public policies. At an organisational level, governance refers to â€Å"the set of policies, roles, responsibilities, and processes established in an enterprise to guide, direct, and control how the organisation uses technologies to accomplish business goals† (Finkelstein 1995, p.368). However, in the development of public policies, this term is used to refer to particular actions, such as making decisions, which provide the definition of expectations, mechanisms of according power and even ways of verifying performances (Kooiman Jentoft 2009; Sorensen 2006). The effort by the EU in creating integrated policies within various sectors of economies, which are applicable to all the nations that form the EU, is a remarkable measure in ensuring the EU develops collectively through the adoption of effective governance practices. Development of policies that favour the expansion of local markets to promote free flow of agricultural products exclusively within Europe, has not only developed the EU economy over a number of years, but has also facilitated in shaping the EU to become a large marketing entity with a global feel (Dyson 1999: Howell 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In reality, through globalisation, which is safeguarded by strategies to ensure the EU dominates in the trade at global fronts. The shares of global exports rose by 1.2% in 2006 i.e. 40.8% to 42% (Howell, 2009, p.81). This increase was realised amid hefty concerns over continual growth of China and India’s exportation abilities. The net impact of governance and policies that foster enhancement of globalisation and Europeanisation amongst EU member states is boosting the economic growth of the EU. The replica for this outcome is the increased earning for European-based companies. The strategy has truncated into increasing employment rates coupled with incomes among workers in the EU (Bà ¶rzel Risse, 2003; Radaelli, 2008). Most significantly, the EU is an enormous advocate for globalisation. It has worked considerably in establishing policies in its favour. Through the enactment of foreign trade policies, in an effort to make all markets across the globe integrated, the EU ha s managed to establish various relationships with different nations, including those in the developed and the developing world. Having trade linkage with developing nations has resulted in EU consumers benefiting from lower cost imports, which in turn has aided in reducing inflation and increasing net income (Cowles, Caporaso Risse 2001, p.23). Nevertheless, it is important to note that the advantages associated with globalisation are a cause for workers in certain industries to suffer immensely. With Europe at the heart of globalisation, European nations have benefited greatly from the realisation of the merits associated with it Grazino and Vink (2008, p.56) outline that this gain ranges from lower trade barriers, greater opportunities for trade, rapid diffusion of technology to investment. Arguably, policy reforms that encourage the spirit of globalisation have fostered immense flow of services and goods, people, capital, and even technical know-how between Europe and the rest o f the world. With Europe having been well established industrially, this flow has augmented progress and development at an astounding rate, by virtue of the fact that it is able to take advantage of the economies of scale (the advantages that organisations in a nation gain by being large or by having the capacity to produce many products and service). Consequently, prior to the previous decade, when in China and other technologically developing nations posed a threat in terms of global distribution of low-cost manufactured products; the EU has been gaining a great deal from its trade global policies. Such gains include the robust growth of imports, coupled with exports and large investment inflows and outflows (Exadaktylos Radaelli, 2009). Overall, net inflows in labour have generated modest earnings and income amongst European nationals. Europeanisation, Public Policy, and Governance The approach deployed by the EU to realise economic development through engagements and integratio n of trade with other nations, constitutes an important benchmark that is imitated by many other nations. For instance, China understands that, although it has well-established links with other developing nations, in terms of supply of manufactured products, it cannot survive without having a strong market presence in the EU and the US because they form a large market that is dominated by middle class people (Kooiman Jentoft 2009). Middle class people are the highest consumers of industrially mass manufactured products. Throughout the history of the EU, upon adoption of common range of economic policies favouring industrialisation, the EU considers manufacturing as a major way of raising the GDP of all member states. As evidenced by the rapid growth of the industrial capacity of China over the last two decades, China also considers manufacturing a noble mechanism of raising its GDP. Consequently, public policies and governance approaches deployed by China are influenced by the EUâ €™s experience with globalisation as a mechanism of raising GDP. Evidently, this case is an example of theoretical applicability of the concept of Europeanisation. However, the central point of this argument is that some nations make policies, especially those committed to trade growth and development, based on the EU’s ideologies and experiences (Graziano Vink 2008). The concept of Europeanisation is not only applicable to incidences where nations consider the experience of the EU (with integrated public policies) to have yielded success. Failures of some policies also form important benchmarks for avoiding the making of policies that would reflect on challenges that have been experienced in the EU. For instance, the EU embarked on policies that sought to promote milk production by offering subsidies to farmers. This policy was incredibly Europeanised to the extent that all European member states implemented it. While this was a vital strategy in boosting the production of milk products, and hence increasing the level of income to farmers, policies advocating these steps were misplaced (LaBorde 2013). Based on the implication of the policy, Europeanisation of public policy would ensure that nations in their quest of boosting their agricultural output capacities do not repeat such mistakes. From the EU perspective, subsidies on agricultural products, especially by major global giant producers such as the EU and the US, are not received in good faith within the international arena. In this context, LaBorde (2013, Para. 5) believes that the reasons behind high global food prices in 2012 (which has been the case for the five years before this), was caused by a succession of weather-related catastrophes, such as severe drought in the US, Europe and Central Asia. Although the EU and the US are well acquitted with this implication, they have refused to heed to these calls. Rather, they have opted to increase domestic subsidies on agricultural sectors. Su ch strategies have long-term implications on the worldwide food systems, coupled with impairing food securities in the developing nations (Babcock, 2007; Alston, 2008). This move is not a welcomed experience; hence, Europeanisation remains important for nations that do not want to take risks, and are not calculated in the development of production policies. Based on the EU experience, researchers explain that offering subsidies in the agricultural sector results in lowering the costs of production (Westcott Young 2004: Chapman et al. 2006). In the European Union, in the year 2005, dairy products dealers got a financial assistance amounting to $47 billion. This amount ($2.20) was actually more than the wages earned on average by each person in the developing nations. This finding means that EU farmers were able to produce their products relatively cheaper to those outside the EU because of government subsidies. Based on Drabenstott’s (2008) arguments, foreign traders found it difficult to introduce their products into the EU markets because prices of the subsidised products, produced in the EU, were lower than selling price, even for them to break-even. Such subsidies resulted in stimulation and subsequently an over-production of subsidised agricultural sector products within the EU. However, farmers benefited as they were able to place their surplus products in the market in higher quantities. This means that the consumption of the products also increased. The disadvantage of such a policy is realised through curtailing the efforts of farmers operating elsewhere outside the EU. It further highlights a need to engage equally in the global trade for milk products, since non-EU farmers’ products were priced higher relative to those produced in the EU countries. Any nation objecting to such an approach of boosting local production would be borrowing from the EU experience to frame its policies. Put differently, such a nation would be Europeanising i ts public policies and governance principles. Causes and Impacts of Globalisation and Europeanisation on Public Policy and Governance Globalisation is caused by a myriad of factors. Ease of labour mobility is one of such significant cause. The EU nations handle two forms of enhancing labour mobility, which Ahrens et al. (2005, p.220) explain the first one to emanate from the free flow of labour within the borders of countries in the EU. The EU nations also benefit immensely from the low and high skilled labour that flows into it, particularly those that originate from external borders. One of the central visions of globalisation is to foster interaction of different skill levels for individuals from different nations across the globe. With this ease of labour mobility across the EU borders, both internally and externally, it implies that the EU establishes this vision and forms a meeting point for all individuals worldwide. However, while permitting this free flow of labour, policie s relating to immigrations are a necessity and worth enacting. Ratifying such policies does not mean that the EU would obtain the very best on offer within the global workforce. A means for sieving the labour flowing into the EU and out of it is critical. It is in this extent that governance becomes important as a facilitating element for globalisation concerning labour mobility. Aside from labour mobility, other causes of globalisation include the need for organisation information and knowledge sharing, technological transfer and global trade, and other forms of organisational interactions and integrations. For instance, global organisations such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) and World Trade Organisation (WTO) act as incredible causes of globalisation. In the operations of such organisations, different stakeholders are integrated often, thus fostering multicultural interactions of individuals from across the world (Bailer et al., 2008). The single most cause of Europeanisa tion is the need to incorporate European ideologies of economic success into economic policies of nations using the EU as their benchmark (Parsons, 2002). Among the countries that members of the EU, Europeanisation is caused by the need to develop integrated regional policies that would see the EU develop as a single block. In the previous section, it was argued that governance approaches and policies encouraging globalisation and Europeanisation have made nations that adopt the EU experiences and ideologies realise incredible developments. However, the benefits of Europeanisation of public policies, especially on matters involving trade integrations, are shared unevenly. Featherstone and Radaelli (2003, p.59) support this argument by further stating globalisation is regarded as uncertainty and disruption for many Europeans. This argument implies that, while some individuals and organisations profit from globalisation, others have been operating on the losing end. Directly congruent with the above argument, it is imperative to regard the benefits accrued from Europeanisation and globalisation, framing policy developments based on this ideology, gives rise to benefits that are widespread but also diffuse in various ways. Indeed, globalisation can have an immense impact on certain communities and organisations, which can be tangible and quite traumatic (Featherstone Radaelli 2003, p.59).Therefore, globalisation and Europeanisation of some policies would truncate into inflicting and driving economic changes. In addition, coupled with disruptions on Europe and nations adopting similar ideologies in the development of their polices, it can also have implications on causing real and practical costs to certain members of the society. Such costs and changes have given rise to immense ambivalence in Europe, which is characterised by trade of goods and services, as well as people, technology and capital, (Boerzel 1999, p.574). Any nation attempting to Europeanise its p olicies must therefore take into consideration the effects of devising policies that take after the European policies with regards to global integration of nations. From the perspective of investments, Europeanisation has the implication of expanding global investment flow and ties. This impact is made even clearer by considering Howell’s(2009, p.79) argument, who states that Europe has been the primary supplier and recipient of foreign direct investment since 1990. Such an immense economic achievement cannot be realised without proper governance through enactment of various policies that enhance the process of economic integrations and interaction between EU and other nations. In fact, this has enabled the EU to build an intensive linkage networks with nations across the globe. Howell (2009, p.81) argues that between 2000 and 2006, Europe accounted for approximately 64%of global FDI outflows and roughly 50% of global FDI inflows. Consequently, outward FDI stocks possessed by the EU act directly as key boosters of competitive advantage that is gained by organisations in the EU member states through increased profitability. Since Europeanisation entails spreading and adopting EU ideologies as pertaining to design and implementation of governance principles and specific policies for success, it is arguable that Europeanisation has the impact of making nations globally adopt practices that would yield similar economic merits. Conclusion Policies developed by a nation, especially economic policies, are not exempt from the influence of Europeanisation and globalisation. From this theoretical paradigm, this essay argued that policies adopted by various nations, including developing nations, are influenced by the European ideologies and theoretical approaches in design and implementation of public policies. The essay also held that the principles of globalisation embraced by the EU, which have truncated into the immense success of the EU in terms of growth of GDP, also influence policymaking processes of the EU member states coupled with other nations that are not part of the EU. These influences were described by the term Europeanisation. From the analytical discussion presented above, this concept has manifested itself globally to the extent that the EU-integrated policies are used as benchmarks. References Ahrens, J et al. 2005, ‘Deepening integration in an enlarged EU: a club-theoretical perspective’, Journal of European Integration, vol. 27 no.4, pp. 219-227. Alston, J 2008, Lessons from Agricultural Policy Reform in Other Countries: The 2007 Farm Bill and Beyond, American Enterprise Institute, New York. Babcock, B 2007, Money for Nothing: Acreage and Price Impacts of U.S. Commodity Policy for Corn, Soybeans, Wheat, Cotton, and Rice in American Enterprise Institute, The 2007 Farm Bill and Beyond, AEI Press, Washington, D.C. Bache, I, George, S, Bulmer, S 2008, Politics in European Union, Oxford University Press, Oxford . Bailer, S et al. 2008, ‘Oligarchisation, formalisation, adaptation? Linking sociological theory and EU enlargement research’, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 16 no.1, pp. 162-174. Boerzel, T 1999, ‘Towards Convergence in Europe? Institutional Adaptation to Europeanisation in Germany and Spain’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 37 no.4, pp. 573-596. Bà ¶rzel, T Risse, T 2003, Conceptualising the Domestic Impact of Europe: In K. Featherstone and C Radaelli (eds), The Politics of Europeanisation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Borzel, T 2002, ‘Pace-setting, foot-dragging, and fence-sitting: member state responses to Europeanisation’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 40 no. 2, pp. 193-214. Chapman, D, Foskett, K, Clarke, M 2006, ‘How Savvy Growers Can Double, or Triple, Subsidy Dollars’, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, vol. 2 no.1, pp. 121-127. Cowles, M., Caporaso, J Risse T 2001, Europeanisation and Dome stic Change, Ithaca, New York. Drabenstott, M 2008, ‘Do Farm Payments Promote Rural Economic Growth?’, The World Economy, vol. 8 no. 1, pp. 57-61. Dyson, K 1999 ‘EMU as Europeanisation: Convergence, Diversity and Contingency’, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 38, no.4 pp 645-66. Exadaktylos, T Radaelli, C 2009, ‘Research design in European studies: the case of Europeanisation’ Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 47 no.3, pp. 507-530. Featherstone, K Radaelli, C 2003, The Politics of Europeanisation, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Finkelstein, L 1995, ‘What is global governance?’, Global Governance, vol. 1 no. 2, pp. 367-372. Graziano, P Vink, M 2008, Europeanisation: New Research Agendas, Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke, London. Howell, E 2009, Europeanisation, European Integration and Financial Services, Palgrave, London. Howell, K 2000, Discovering the Limits of European Integration: Applying Grounded Theory, Nova S cience Books and Journals, New York. Kooiman, J Jentoft, S 2009, ‘Meta-governance: Values, Norms and Principles, and the Making of Hard Choices’, Public Administration, vol. 87 no. 11, pp. 818-836. LaBorde, D 2013, The hidden cost of US and EU farm subsidies, http://www.ifpri.org/blog/hidden-costs-us-and-eu-farm-subsidies Parsons, C 2002 ‘Showing ideas as causes? The origins of the European Union’, International Organisation, vol. 56 no. 1, pp. 47-84. Plumper, T Schneider, J 2009, ‘The analysis of policy convergence, or: how to chase a black cat in a dark room’, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 16 no. 7, pp. 67-75. Radaelli, C 2008, ‘Europeanisation: solution or problem?’, European integration journal, vol. 8 no. 16, pp. 212-231. Riedl, B 2008,’ How Farm Subsidies Harm Taxpayers, Consumers, and Farmers’, European Journal of Economics, vol.3 no.2, pp 315-321. Schneider, V Hage, F 2007, ‘Europeanisation and the retreat of the state’, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 15 no. 1, pp. 311-317. Sorensen, E 2006, ‘Metagovernance: The Changing Role of Politicians in Processes of Democratic Governance’, American Review of Public Administration, vol. 36 no. 7, pp. 98-114. Westcott, P Young, E 2004, U.S. Farm Program Benefits: Links to Planting Decisions and Agricultural Markets, U.S. Department of Agriculture, New York. This essay on To what extent is policy-making being Europeanised in member states of the European Union was written and submitted by user Emmitt G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ancient Rome Essays - Animal-powered Vehicles, Chariots, Bronze Age

Ancient Rome Essays - Animal-powered Vehicles, Chariots, Bronze Age Ancient Rome Roman games were much like Greek games, but there was more physical contact sports such as Gladiator combats, man against beast, and water battles. Chariot races were the same as the Greek chariot races. Rome had many different types of chariots. Biage were chariots pulled by two horses, and quadrigae chariots were pulled by four horses. Each race had 12 chariots going on one track at once. The racers would take 7 laps around the arena which would be a total of 5 miles long. Teams of four chariots would be either red, blue, green, or red in the chariot racing. Gladiators combat was where two men fought until one was dead. The gladiators would be armed with a weapon to make the battle more interesting. The gladiators were usually slaves or captives. Rich people would pay gladiators to go to school that taught them to fight. Many gladiators had armor mostly on their arm area or their legs. Some gladiators didn?t have any armor but just a weapon and a shield. Some times they would flood the arena with water and have battles with ships. Alligators would be in the water so that when a gladiator fell off he would get eaten by the alligator. Another reason why the arena would be flooded was because they would face crocodiles as well. Man against beast battle was when one man fights with a snake, a deer, a lion, a bear, or even an elephant. Roman Ball was more of a recreational sport. The rules as described by W.J.Kowalski on the Internet is : ?There were 2 concentric circles on the ground, 5 feet and 20 feet in diameter. Players ( 3 or more ) stand or run anywhere outside the large circle. The ball must bounce in the inner circle and pass beyond the outer circle. If the ball is not caught and hits the ground, the thrower gets a point. The player who catches or retrieves the ball throws it next. The first player to get 21 points wins. The player with the ball may run around the circle and try to catch his opponents out of position. The player who catches or retrieves the ball may return to the circle quickly and he becomes the thrower. The first throw may be taken by anyone, and should be thrown standing still. The game begins on the second throw. If the ball goes pass the outer circle the throw should be replayed.? Children and adults could play this game and it was very popular. They called the ! game ball or ball-playing. Towards the decline of the Roman empire, the Romans became good at archery and even kings began to enjoy it, but sometimes they were cruel. The story goes, that the Emperor Commodus shot ostriches with a special arrow and at gladiator combats, he sat in his royal box with a bow and arrow. From there he watched men being chased by wild animals, like lions, and leopards, and just when the animal was about to jump on the gladiator he shot his arrow and killed it. To him, this was a sport. Page 1 Ancient Greece There were many sports in Greece such as foot racing, chariot racing, boxing, horse racing, racing, wrestling, javelin & discus, and the long jump. There were three different types of foot racing. The first was the long race or as they called it, a Dolichos. The runners would have to run two laps around a stadium. The second race was a stade race which was a sprint six-hundred foot sprint down the stadium. The third race was called the double stade race or Diaulos. It was the same as the stade race but was twice as long. Instead of six-hundred feet it would double to one-thousand two-hundred feet which was two times the length of the stadium. Chariot races were held in a Hippodrome which was an open, large, flat, rectangular shaped arena. The chariots were moved up to an aphesis or the starting gate. After the announcer announces all the competitors and the trumpeters signal the start, the chariots go off. They race real fast but collisions would rarely happen. The Greeks took chariot racing seriously such as in the

Richard Surname Meaning and Family History

Richard Surname Meaning and Family History Derived from the given name Richard and meaning powerful or brave, the Richard surname is Germanic in origin, composed of the elements ric, meaning power and hard, meaning hardy or brave.   Richard is the 6th most common last name in France. Surname Origin: French Alternate Surname Spellings: RICHERD, RICKARD, RICARD, RICKARD, RICHARDS, RITCHARD, RICHARDSON, RICHARDSSON, RICQUART, RIJKAARD, RICKAERT, RYCKEWAERT Famous People with the Surname RICHARD Maurice  Richard -  Canadian ice hockey star; first NHL player to reach 50 goals in a seasonCliff Richard  - British film actor and singer; dubbed the British Elvis PresleyAchille Richard - French botanist and physicianÉdouard Richard   - Canadian historian and politicianÉtienne Richard  - French composer and harpsichordistFleury Franà §ois Richard   - French painterJules Richard  - French mathematician who stated Richards paradoxPaul Richard - Mayor of New York, 1735–1739 Where is the RICHARDSurname Most Common? According to surname distribution from  Forebears, the Richard surname today is interestingly found in the greatest numbers in Tanzania, where more than 90,000 people bear the surname. It is also extremely common in France, ranking as the 9th most common last name in the country, and Canada, where it ranks 58th. Richard is the 511th most common surname in the United States. Surname maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  indicate the Richard surname is by far the most common in areas with at least a partial French-speaking population, including New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island in Canada, Louisiana in the United States, and the regions of Pays-de-la-Loire, Nouvelle-Aquitaine  (formerly Poitou-Charentes), Lorraine, Bourgogne-Franche-Comtà © (formerly Franche-Comtà ©), Centre, Bretagne and Champagne-Ardenne in France.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname RICHARD French Surname Meanings and OriginsDoes your last name have origins in France? Learn about the various origins of French surnames and explore the meanings of some of the most common French last names. How to Research French AncestryLearn about the various types of genealogical records available for researching ancestors in France and how to access them, plus how to locate where in France your ancestors originated. Richard  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Richard  family crest or coat of arms for the Richard surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. RICHARD  Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Richard  surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Richard query. FamilySearch - RICHARD  GenealogyExplore over 12 million  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Richard surname and variations on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DistantCousin.com - RICHARD  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Richard. GeneaNet - Richard  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Richard surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Richard Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Richard surname from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Forum 1 - Chapters 1 & 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forum 1 - Chapters 1 & 2 - Assignment Example Economic dependency on maritime transportation refers to how a given country relies on maritime transportation as the countries’ main source of economic empowerment. The US has a 14% adjacency of its counties to the coastline and ends up generating a staggering 45% of the nations’ gross domestic product (GDP) and an average of 3 million jobs. A point that goes to prove how dependent we can be on maritime transportation for economic development (GAO-12-1009T, 2012). The maritime transportation security act was enacted by congress and signed into law by the then American president on November 25th, 2002 (S.3639, 2010). This law requires port facilities and vessels to carry out threat vulnerability assessments and come up with well developed and thought through security plans that is inclusive of passengers, vehicles and baggage screening parameters as well as establishing restricted areas, identification procedures and advanced surveillance systems (PUBLIC LAW, 2002). This compliance of this security act has resulted in the creation of a secure environment in the ports. The department of homeland security (DHS) is the lead agency responsible for the implementation of maritime transportation security act with the help of subsidiary bodies like the U.S, coast guard. The security act can be attributed to a number of challenges that include acquiring security port facility and vessels, a more interconnected port system with regard to new technologies and a much heightened international supply chain security. The maritime security act has also undergone challenges in program implementation and management, poor partnerships and collaboration, terrorism and funding (CRS Report for Congress, 2007). CRS Report for Congress. (2007, May 14). Maritime Security: Potential Terrorist Attacks and Protection Priorities. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved May 5, 2015, from CRS Report for Congress:

American International Group Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American International Group - Case Study Example The major business line of American International Group are functions, supports, services, and operations. The failure of these lines would result on the huge material loss of profit, revenue and franchise value for the organization as a whole. Therefore, American International Group prepared a resolution plan and for that purpose 22 companies as material entities were identified, from which one is AIG Markets, Inc; and the type of this entity is derivatives intermediaries. Fear of revenue, profit and franchise value loss motivated organization to be a part of derivatives market. American international group utilizes derivatives as a part of the company’s risk management framework. The major purpose of the company in entering in a derivative market is to mitigate the risk either by providing a profile of the investment or by hedging exposure. American international group is no longer engage in activities of derivatives that contributed materially to concerns throughout the fin ancial crisis or also not act as a market for the contracts of derivatives. The exposure of derivatives and derivative portfolio is examined on a regular basis in order to avoid any risk and fulfill the market standards of investment. Interest rate derivatives are used to deal with interest rate risk that is associated with insurance assets and liabilities. The company is involved in making investments in hybrid securities in order to generate more income. Therefore, company is involved in such derivative activities that are associated with investment operations for risk mitigation (AIG, 2014). After the financial crisis of 2008 the insurance industry like other industries faced backslash, this crisis and other infamous events proven as threat for the economy of the country. Many of American people rely on financial services for ability to get more mortgages, for investment opportunities and retirement savings. When ethical analysis taken into consideration, and the